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In this sense, realism and anti-realism encompass many domain-specific positions across diverse fields. Anti-realism rejects this view, arguing instead that there is no external world or that reality depends in certain respects on mental processes, subjective perspectives, or social conventions. Realism and anti-realism are families of views concerning the mind-independence of reality. Some interpretations of quantum mechanics hold that measurement outcomes are inherently probabilistic, thereby rejecting causal determinism, but this is not true for all interpretations.g According to this view, what happened in the past fixes what will happen in the future, including human behavior. Causal determinism is the view that every event is fully determined or necessitated by prior events.

• In a broad sense, appearances are not limited to what people perceive but can also include memories, beliefs, and thoughts.
• Plato (c. 427 – c. 347 BCE) argued for the existence of a realm of eternal forms or ideas in addition to the material world of mutable entities.
• This view emphasizes that reality is encountered, rather than invented, and can resist or frustrate beliefs and desires, unlike malleable imaginary creations.
• A semantic approach to the debate between realism and anti-realism, proposed by Michael Dummett, argues that the underlying disagreement concerns the meaning of statements rather than the existence of entities.
• Epistemology, another philosophical subdiscipline, explores how people can know reality.
• More general constraints arise from limits of human cognitive faculties rather than situation-specific circumstances, such as facts too complex for anyone to conceive.

The reality–virtuality continuum is a theoretical framework that posits a continuous scale of mixed reality forms. It denies the existence of knowledge in any form or domain, arguing that knowledge is impossible. These limitations indicate a gap whereby reality is not fully captured and exceeds knowledge.
For example, David Lewis’s modal realism asserts that there exist countless spatiotemporally unified possible worlds, each just as real as the actual world. A different view suggests that reality is made up of many worlds that exist in parallel to one another, each representing a distinct way of how things could have been. In a narrow sense, being contrasts with becoming, and denotes stable or permanent aspects of reality. Some philosophers, such as Alexius Meinong, hold that being is a broader concept than reality, encompassing nonexistent objects, such as merely possible or incomplete objects, in addition to real or actual ones. In the broadest sense, being is the most general category that applies to everything and contrasts only with nothingness.

Levels of reality

According to a common view, concrete objects exist in space and time, such as a flower, a horse, and a ship. Events are proposed constituents of reality that occur in time, such as the discovery of penicillin and the Second World War. As individual entities, they contrast with universals, which are general, repeatable entities that can have many instances, such as the color blue, the shape roundness, and the property of being a mammal. Similarly, the many-worlds interpretation of quantum physics suggests that in quantum measurements, not only one but all possible outcomes occur, interpreted as a branching of the universe into multiple worlds. It is frequently possible to understand the essence of something without knowing whether it exists.

• The widely accepted Big Bang theory holds that the universe began about 13.8 billion years ago, initially in an extremely hot, dense state, expanding and cooling ever since.
• It concerns the question of how mental and linguistic entities, such as thoughts and words, can establish contact with reality by successfully referring to things in the world.
• Criteria of reality are proposed features or standards that distinguish real entities from unreal ones.
• The reality–virtuality continuum is a theoretical framework that posits a continuous scale of mixed reality forms.
• On this view, reality is made up of countless concrete worlds existing in parallel without interacting with one another.
• On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 93% of 92 critics’ reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8/10.
• It overlaps with the cognitive sciences, which investigate how cognitive processes transform information about the world, and with neuroscience, which studies the brain activities underlying such processes.

Related concepts

Realists and anti-realists about abstract objects debate whether, or in what sense, such entities form part of reality. Nominalism, another anti-realist view, rejects both mental and non-mental interpretations of universals. For example, a person may be a realist about universals and an anti-realist about values.

Phenomenalism, a related view, reduces physical objects to collections of actual or possible sensory experiences. In this sense, reality does not depend on human knowledge or consciousness and exists apart from them, including the aspects that no one is aware of. In the broadest sense, realism is the view that the external world and its constituents exist as they do regardless of how people perceive or think about them. Unreal entities, by contrast, depend for their existence on thoughts and ideas; they would not arise or would vanish without the mental activity creating or sustaining them. For example, if a planet or a virus is real then it exists on its own and behaves according to its nature, even if people are unaware or hold false beliefs about it.
For example, value theory is concerned with the reality of values, and the philosophy of mathematics explores in what sense mathematical objects, like numbers and sets, form part of reality. Different worldviews offer distinct answers to existential questions about meaning, morality, and the nature of reality, such as the contrast between religious and secular worldviews. One perspective holds that such objects are illusory or unreal because they lack existence in the physical world outside the simulation.
It holds that the scientific view of the world is either exactly or at least approximately true by presenting reality as it is. For example, emotivism holds that value statements express emotional attitudes of subjective approval or disapproval rather than objective facts. Anti-realist views reject the mind-independent existence of values and can take various forms. Realists hold that values are objective features of mister golden reality, meaning that there are mind-independent facts about whether something is good or bad, irrespective of subjective beliefs or personal preferences.
Some outlooks suggest that only the fundamental level is ultimately real, arguing that non-fundamental entities are in some sense eliminable since reality can be described without them. For example, one view suggests that macroscopic objects, such as a chair, depend on the microscopic objects that underlie them, such as elementary particles. The structure of reality concerns the fundamental patterns of being, describing how entities are organized and interact with each other.

Values

Another structural feature concerns the idea that some entities depend on, or are grounded in, other entities. Mereological universalism holds that any collection of entities constitutes a whole, even if the entities are otherwise unrelated. Various theories of the mereological principles underlying composition have been proposed. Various categories of being or constituents of reality are discussed in the academic discourse.